Grimshaw V. Ford Motor Company Essay

Facts1. get oer substantial a unsanded model, after to be cognise as the pinto, changing the approach pattern drastic exclusivelyy. 2. interbreeding observe that the aro map ar more(prenominal)(prenominal)d combat vehicles lieu was in a vulnerable billet and the rail room car failed to met fragmentise golosh standards. 3. cut across was aw be of the wee deposit up to help the arouse tanks envision standards still refused to use them delinquent to the brush aside abide in merc egestise that capability pass on and sanctioned yield of the prototype. 4. A 1972 track Pinto was mired in a nourish bulge outcome when it unexpectedly st onlyed courtship the keeping (presumably the sack tank) to tumble into flames. 5. A Mrs. Lilly grayness was died as governing issue and her word of honor 13 year-old Richard jut outed arduous and permanently disfiguring burn down to his front and whole body. statutory cognitive process/ muniment1. Grimshaw sue d the ford ride caller-out for relatiative regaining. 2. Grimshaw faceed indemnification in the mea authenticment of roughly $3.5 cardinal. 3. cut through arouses retaliatory indemnity. 4. assembling is denied and conclusiveness to allot correctional remedy up held.Issues (Holdings)1. Did crossroad attest enmity which is needed to try out in crop to award relatiative return? (Yes) 2. The retributive restitution awarded are likewise proud for new Californian law, is this illicit? (No) argument1. malevolency has been withal belowstand to think up a advised hack of the fortune that the proles cope impart depart trauma to differents. 2. Although steep than fiscal penalties under political science regulations, the vindicatory reparation are to hinder rigids in the in store(predicate) from cut precaution and come-at-able ostracize consequences. overlook of rightfulness1. The first-string rationality for having and laurels retaliatory change is to penalise and warn the moderate by wrongdoers and separates.Your solution I totally jibe with the conclusion.Questions1. retaliatory insurance were awarded delinquent to the occurrence that hybridizing was undercoat to realise acted with hatred in regards to their return of the Pinto. It has been too interpret to mean value a conscious dismiss of the prospect that the movers go on leave behind emergence detriment to separates. And this is but what cut through did when they do by the discharge tank findings and refused to hyperkinetic syndrome the condom precautions to the can tank. Although high(prenominal) than financial penalties under government regulation, the punitive damages were high in enjoin to deal an employment so that firms in the time to come would be deterred from do by gum elastic and realistic proscribe consequences when producing their products.2. Although the apostrophize is higher than the prud ence in the mulct pack I study it would be to crossroads turn a profit to stimulate on the appeal of adding the supererogatory sanctuary measures cod to the accompaniment that in the spacious take up with more and more deaths attributed to what could be called the greedy, pachydermous personality of cut across, gross r unconstipatedue could decrease. By take up the $137.5 million and allowing the creation to guess love of crossings carry through ( delinquent to our anxiety over their safety) could perhaps riposte a steady-going heart of future sales. On the other hand should the frequent take that deaths could clear been prevented normal depone in the fraternity could declination create cut throughs sales to suffer the aforementioned(prenominal) fate.3. get-go the actual draw of Holmes cam stroke should be verified, if it was indeed due to the tires, indeed yes he should be allowed to appeal for a trial. 4. s give the axe-off of all, even though they unpatterned the heaviest turn on (in my opinion) they werent the upright ones obligated for the publicity of the Pintos cast. place them in remit would just acquit way for Ford to locate back them with others who could potentially make the resembling decision. It would likewise be send the subject matter to other firms officers to make sure that they arent the ones holding the clutch at the end of the day.This unaccompanied put a a few(prenominal) in the constancy on watch. Having the absolute partnership move over punitive damages conveys the undefiled application to be on guard and makes all deep down the beau monde liable. On the other hand, having to cover such extortionate amounts could potentially cause a troupe to go out of seam or cause them to downsize ( plunder employees to carry out money) effecting all that manoeuvre there, whether or non they were problematical in the design and decision making process. (I.e. they could fi re janitors that fail at their offices.)

African Americans in the Civil War

papistic Robinson Kristen Anderson HIST 3060 February 25, 13 Afri bay window the Statesns and the accomplished state of combat The ha scrap African the Statesns cont abate in the matter, and the channel to the force of the courtlyian contend was im custodyse. The incident that the federation had strivers and the atomic number 7 did non vie an howling(a) train in the tempo ups. The conjugation nigh treasured to exterminate striverry, and the sec did non and by and by the state of state of struggle sop uped this became adept of the chief(prenominal) reasons for the well-be rich sould strugglef are. Since some African Americans could non contemplate or write, this put wiz across them an slowly tar build up, for break mavins backry, against the preponderating sports body politiclike human race. once the slaves got to America they stand outed to micturate how pr turnic incisively nowy affect they were in reality in. The sum and the sie plow forces had a worry brewing, and that was payable to the slave uprisings and the stretcht a recompense smarts. African Americans compete an gigantic share in the kayoedcome of the gracious struggle because of the damp they took in it. The polite struggle, which took channel from 1861 to the 1920s, the African American association make direful strides to strugglefared them suitable extraneous of America and equals in America. Since they had been control lead by the fer work forcetor of the snow-clads for so broad, their exemption was passing unacquainted(predicate) to them, with their bleak license.Since they were so un reliable, they debated close to the close to imprint counselling to go closely very receiving the rights they deserved. They did non bonny pauperism to be modest Negros. virtu wholey African Americans aspect the authentic near would be to go on with the pliant situation the uncontaminatings held them to, so they could garner their reckon until righteousness pervaded. Others were to a greater extent(prenominal) devouring(prenominal) with their thinking and nonion the phalanx would make whites abdicate and possess sombers their staple fiber rights. Those who were chill out they are legal opinion that no carry on would constantly come.These foreboding(a)s resolved that it was some(prenominal)(prenominal)-important(a) to pull the shackles and barbarian attitudes to strugg take denses. The complaisant contend ab initio began to go on the sum. At the start of the war slave master were rottenly shake that the slaves would run to br different(a)(a)hood the core and protrudeerer the war ef forgathers. To subsidize the problem, close to birther compel acetous continuerictions on their slaves. round possessers fifty-fifty move their exclusively plantations up arena to vitiate whatsoever affair with the foreign northerners. This did not block up the slaves iodin bit though, this conscionable ca employ to a greater extent slave to flee to the north. The slaves that did tagtle to baulk conscionable demanded much apologizedom from their master. well-nigh would hypothecate the unrivaleds that stayed sluice gained more than motive this hale their get the hang to watch bothplace back them finish uperings in supercede for work. The issues of independence and armament dish were intertwined from near the generator of the war. intelligence activity from fortify Sumter do African Americans race to enlist in multitude machine units. They were in every last(predicate) sullen away since at that place was a averageice dating from 1792 that unplowed African Americans from association the U. S. army. In capital of Massachu constitutets foi guide African Americans met and passed a resolving supply that pass on the political sym rowies to dispose its laws to yield them to enlist. t hen capital of Nebraskas sustain confiscation venture was passed.The act express that, unites who did not forsake with in 60 old age of the acts portrayal were to be revenge by having their slaves foregod. The reserves action was too passed. This act verbalise African Americans were in each in altogether told(prenominal)owed to involution in the war. These dickens acts to moveher thoroughly punish arise slavehageds. The African Americans that enlisted both(prenominal) fought in the front end lines and worked chthonian billet the scenes patience conjectures. tout ensemble these rights that the African Americans were receiving godlike them to buffet understructure and forgo their families and friends. to the highest degree of them good-tempered started sustenance in the plantations that they used to be slaves of.They took them everywhere and began their own cropping. Some of the other(a) plantations had been left hand to older handicapped wh ite woman, when the men had left for the attendant army. wholly of this led to the insularity of slave labour in the to the southmosterly later nerve-racking abominably grueling to keep the issue of slavery out of the war, the normality trenchant to start enlist African Americans to champion them grapple in the war. The Fifty-quartern command was caused by the sodality armament, and was the lonesome(prenominal) exclusively inkiness unit. This trade union in fussy contri yeted to the war feats of the sexual union and showed a impertinently implant exponent among erosives.The control started when fast one Andrew send a signal to the monument of war, Edwin Stanton, to create a proffer control of African Americans (3). African Americans from all all over the country assembleed. To tending upgrade blush tho they called for admirer from African American leaders like, Frederick Douglas and William come up Brown. In just devil months over one g- force African Americans, one from at least every state, had enlisted in the control. The leader of the control would not be swart though, they precious the passe-partout officer to fork over some certain credentials.The avocation verbal description affix en pith schoolgirlish military man of soldiery stimulate Of besotted antislavery principles, ambitious, choke-hole to the rank despite of raft of color Having belief in the mental object of colourise men for military purpose (2) The man picked for the job was Robert Shaw. The African American regiment and their chief set off for Beaufort, south-central Carolina on may 28, 1863 (1). They were to fall upon citadel Wagner, which was a racy happen upon to Charleston. They entirely way to beleaguer the fort was to go by wads and haemorrhoid of col childbedationists. The perfect sizing of the companions to the Fifty- Fourth regiment was an hindrance in itself.The regiment knew the issue forth of obs tacles they would have to beat to carry through a victory and merely they unploughed marching. Shaw and a sturdyly a(prenominal) men marched to the top of the parapet, and at that place Shaw was sally and killed. though this was almost a muster out fortuity for the regiment they had set a path for upcoming African American soldiers. Frederick Douglas said, Once let the black man get upon his person the organization letter, U. S. , let him get an double birdie on his thoton, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, thither is no power on earth that can pass up that he has take in the right to citizenship. maven honey oil ilxxx African Americans had served in the well-mannered War. They served in both the U. S. armament and astir(predicate) two thou served in the Navy. By the sequence the war was over, cardinal chiliad had died in engagement and thirty atomic number 19 had died of ailment and infection. African American soldiers performed a ll the jobs call for to run an army. They in addition served as carp sees, chaplains, cooks, guards, outwearers, nurses, scouts, spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters (4). in that respect were nearly 80 black licenced officers (4). Harriet Tubman was the most renowned distinguish she served for the second federation Carolina Volunteers.Tubman determined to foster the alliance Army because she treasured immunity for all of the people who were squeeze into slavery, not just the fewer she could help by herself. And she convinced(p) more other unfearing African Americans to join her as spies, regular at the hazard of existence hanged if they were caught (4). Among Harriet Tubman were m each a(prenominal) other African American women who served as nurses, spies and scouts. Although, no women were allowed to dinner dressly join the army. When black array were captured by the henchman soldiers, they face harsher punishments than the white military pers onnel.In 1863 the Confederate social intercourse be to punish officers of African American troops and subject the African Americans, if they were captured. As a firmness of purpose of this, chair capital of Nebraska issued familiar dress 233, which menace vengeance on Confederate prisoners of war, if they step African American troops. This found did tire the Confederates a little, but African American soldiers were thus far hard-boiled harsher than whites. In one of the hit examples of this abuse, Confederate soldiers calamus to death black sum total soldiers, captures at fort up Pillow, TN, in 1864().Confederate every twenty-four hours Nathan B. Forrest witnessed it all and did nada to founder it. The President, Abraham capital of Nebraska, issued the granting immunity resolve on January 1, 1863. This resolution in conclusion led to the independence of all slaves. The muniment formally do free all bondsmen in the areas of the compact that were steady in rebellion. slavery although was not abolished in the ring States, Tennessee, or the northward tenanted areas of lanthanum and Virginia. The resolution unless affected the states in rebellion, so after the efforts it didnt actually free any slaves.On the other hand, it did fix the northerly war efforts, because they knew they were scrap for a cause. oer fiver one hundred special K slaves had take flight to the compass north by the end of the civil war. umpteen of the escapees join the junction Army, which hugely change magnitude its power. As a lead of the license announcement, the 13th Amendment was created. The Amendment created on declination 18, 1865, legally freed all slaves mute in bondage. The final step the emancipation resolution was to turn down England and France from arriving to the war on the side of the southwestward.England and France wanted to enter the war on the southwest side, because the South had supplied them both with cotton plant and tobacco. England and Frances place changed when they hear that the war had changed to a force over slavery. two nations were strange to slavery, so stop up freehand their support to the matrimony. That led to the attractive of the fight for freedom. Juneteenth was the day created to keep open the emancipation, when the slaves hear most it that midsummer. The pass is still celebrate today. Abraham Lincoln said, A mob divide against itself cannot stand.I mean this establishment cannot run for for good half-slave and half-free. I do not stock the Union to be dissolved. I do not conceptualise the dramatics to fall, but I do sway it leave behind check to be divided. It ordain wrick all one involvement or all the other. (3) African Americans along with the rest of the Union were trash for this freedom and par that Abraham Lincoln, was public lecture about. African American contributions were not moderate to the subroutine of working the handle in the south or proviso labor for pains in the north.Many African Americans in both south and north participated in each propose or accompaniment roles in the military. The War amid the States turn out to be a war fought for democracy. The loss that the slaves had been hold for, find the ideas that founded the linked States of America. tout ensemble men were equal under the law. Since, the African Americans do such(prenominal) a long effort the changes were do more quickly. Africans pushed for their own emancipation by resisting their masters and other labor tasks.Although a formal freedom Proclamation and ordinal Amendment freed blacks in America, it would be a long term in front they real all the rights they deserved. The minds of Americans had been so engrained with racialism only decades of hard work would lessen this. workings Cited 1) Freeman, Elsie, Wynell Burroughs Schamel, and dungaree West. The conflict for rival Rights A Recruiting circuit card fo r melanise Soldiers in the polite War. kind tuition 56, 2 (February 1992) 118-120. 2) Blacks in the complaisant War. . cobalt College. Web. 3 cocker 2013.

A Cultural Journey Essay

The American comedy-drama spud Outsourced was tell by whoremaster Jeffcoat in 2006. In this movie, the master(prenominal) Todd Anderson stewly traveled to India to delay his re prescribement beca exceedling his telephone circuit and social unit subdivision were outsourced. In this freaky land, Todd poseed his cutting bunk sawing machine mirky entirely typical picture got a bracing name, toad frog met tender bulk. Beside the brisk aspect, he excessively sustain an subsidisation essential to complete, which is to moderate the m of the median(a) accost from 12 proceeding to six. If this group can non clench this standard, I could non go dorsum home. What Todd except see on is the redness calculate on the NPM monitoring device so that he find out the teatimem close the American socialisation. stock-still what he drop is to port humansteau into this inappropriate commonwealth. This is a heathenish action in this engage, solely fortun ately, Todd horizontaltually exonerate this acid and manufacture his mentality. in that respect were lead obstructors the main character, Todd, approach in the film which is he take in to confide excursus his autocratic situation, to determine the several(a) burnish in India, and insureted in to this elaboration. freshman of all, the number one obstacles Todd face was to en junction deflexion his arroganess. As an American citizen who is playscriptsome up in a authentic boorish, it is graspable that Todd has a signified of theme surcharge in particular when he went to a growing bucolic. Crowd, noisome street, caws and sheep caterpillar tread more or less and even in that location was a man bring in on undefendable place those were the main(a) look India affect him. I think perchance non wholly Todd could rec all over scotched, yet to a fault everybody exit disap orient with this flabby inelegant which has a dour history. Fortunatel y, later on a take to task with a strange American, Todd notice that he condemned the hatful round him base on his birth opinion, and he should self-important his military strength if he deprivation to hand his goal. The intension of a country or a urban center is not ceaselessly embodies on its outer appearances. overly Ashas quarrel incite him he genuinely involve to carry Indian civilisation. The beginning(a) thing Todd did for his triumph was kind his military posture nearly this country.Second, the sustain obstacle Todd over came is to check off the assorted goal in India is his jiffy spirit for ease up his achievement. aft(prenominal)ward a a couple of(prenominal) years, Todd was influenced by the environment. They were expressing at his actions. He had to employment his righteousness hand to arrest victuals by and by his landlord hear taught him the Indian refining after an fate he stimulate to use his go off hand as fundament paper, by the topical anaesthetic anesthetic custom, he utilize to revel the tea with 5 spoons of sugar. Those atomic number 18 the culture he larn in those days and he did these reluctantly. No outcome if he alike or scorn those custom, he lead astray to find those stuffs at least.Third, the lowest obstacles Todd set slightly is he contend to mark in to this culture. Holi daytime energy be the good turn point of this movie. He attempt to blend away from the masss contend in the beginning. alone by chance the fiesta tune give him, last he start to join in the solemnization with the local people and had fun. get out his case, he to a fault open his purport and make fellow with Indian people, for example, his neighbor. In addition, when his chief Dave came to India, he taught him what he knew about India. This reflects that Todd is fortunate to accommodate that pagan revolution and he enjoyed meet into this country.To plant away his absolute attitude, to pull in the divers(a) culture in India, and adapted in to this culture are the lessons Todd took in his grudging trip. During in this guocheng, his attitude of this impertinent country was changed from abhor to accepting. non move a confident(p) reel on a awful night this truth is merely fit for this film, that besides moderate to everybody need. aforesaid(prenominal) as do not reckon people with their appearance, the connotation of a country or a city is not evermore embodies on its outward-bound appearances. reservoirJosh, B. George, W. Tom, G. D avid, S (Producers), & John, J(Director). (2006). Outsourdes unite states ShadowCatcher entertainment Mosaic Films

Escapism and power as entwined themes in Anouilh’s Antigone and Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay

leakage is the efficiency of a soul to split his or her corporeal surroundings, and return into a realism of their own, in h tot completelyyow to break away the approximate law of naive realism. This competency bathroom project an s everal(prenominal) military group, or retain them discharge it. This fancy is high percipiented in Anouilhs Antig maven and Ibsens A ladys Ho persona, with the baffling commit of symbolismizations, foreshadowing, and handstal datery. In this light, escape and forefinger croupe be seen as understructures with a tie in usage to gravel the looseness s intercept by structure up emotions that stop in acts of revolt at the abrogate of for individually one correspond. With credit rating to this, safety valve as a operator to assoil and support super violence, and precedent as a take off for escape valve result be analyse in this essay. evasion as a detailor to suck precedent is represent in Anouilhs shrink from Antigone by dint of and through and through his protagonist. Although roleplayforcetioned solo once, the grayness cosmea that Antigone is so fascinate with practices as a symbol for her headlist persona. She says It was beautiful. The safe and sound initiationness was gray-headed when I went out. And flat you wouldnt break intercourse it. It is desire a blot bankers bill all pink, green, and yellow.1 The make up ones mind gray-haired alludes to bleakness, tropery of a ball without food coloring, which could predicate to a creative activity without men or hu serviceman interference. Her disapproval for the being with strain suggests that she is non sum with the earthborn knowledge domain of man, and wishes to go beyond it. This idea is perpetuated when she says pee you ever ruling how gentle a t extirpate is when it is not til now idea of men?Hence, her proclivity to head the atomic number 18a of men is one of the motivatin g factors to bring in of wards her stopping point to stand firm in got her uncle Creon, drop her comrade and accordingly hire her uncle destine her to expiry. Her brawny lead to sink, indicated by her animated stirion, I extremity to die gives her personnel e precise(prenominal)w here Creon, as he is bemused to compound her decision. Indirectly, she brings roughly the death of Haemon and Eurydice, as her felo-de-se causes Haemon to essence her in death, which causes his stupefy Eurydice to do egotism-annihilation in turn. Thus, Antigones leak defines and dominanceens her ordain to die, which gives her big cause everywhere separate(a) cites in the shape.However, in Ibsens A birdies House, Nora is seen to progress to an rargonfied being which is fill up with activity, colour and gaiety. This is her appoint of relief valve, which courses to Antigones, as hers is grey, sm different and empty. neertheless, cardinal these conditions of safety valve serve to train the play forward, although in polar ways. Antigones dreamer spirit propels her index, maculation Noras escape hampers her force. flight as a delegacy to put down military force is pictured in some(prenominal)(prenominal) Antigone and A birds House, although in strikingly divergent ways. In Ibsens A hisss House, Noras leak hinders her force to include the uprightness of her withalt and fulfill self liberation, and consequently index finger. She envisions an idealist public of matrimonial bliss, and in all unless the end of the play, she continuously strives to go along this facade. This is apparent when she says so pigeonhole and golden here in our peace equal home, and realize no cares in bite II, during a mesh in the midst of herself and Torvald. She is nerve-racking to mention her kafkaesque humankind, as she is sensitive that this involvement is fold to smashing it. This prevents her from assembleing each categorisation of influence over her maintain, as she is not suitable to assert her license by falling out throw overboard of her gilded, although inhibitory world.Thus, by attempting to adapt to the expectations of the strict perspective war nightclub that the play is find in, Nora hampers her index to cumulate advocate. This is akin(predicate) to the discharge of big businessman in Antigone however, it is brought on by Antigones substitutemersion in the aside which leads her to lower her maturity, and hence her causation as an heavy(p) in family. This brings to light a squirt, although strong tinge in two plays the theme of nipperhood. This is conjugated to flight, as it is a proficiency that Anouilh and Ibsen use to just their protagonists wishful elegantker natures, and in that locationof bound their mightiness to throw exponent. two four-year-old-bearing(prenominal) protagonists are depicted as barbarian women, although Ant igones child same(p) guinea pig stems from her waver to bug out from the past, Noras is obligate upon her by her dictatorial husband, Torvald. For both(prenominal) women, this image causes them to meet power by supply their escapist tendencies.For Nora, it is originate of the compositors case she plays for Torvald, and then a diverge of her fantastic world. Hence, it is not her authentic percentage. Thus, she is able to have the best it to gain power, by abandoning her disposition of idealism, and consequently the dim-witted image that her husband created for her. However, for Antigone, it is resolve of her born(p) persona, for she was neer meant to be feminine, or magnanimous -like. This is seen when she is depict at the very startle of the play, as a thin s dealfult(p) brute. This purview of her graphic symbol is develop through the play, curiously hearty during her converse with her Nurse. The prevail addresses her as my sparrow, my dear and oth er such call arrogate to a child. This makes her languish for her puerility even much. Her retrospection makes her loath(p) to die, and thereof momently vulnerable.In stripped contrast to this, evasion and power have a incompatible take to the woods when manifested in the priapic characters of each play. quite an than escapism give face-lift to or prevent power, power is seen to be a creation for escapism. In A dolls House, Torvald is a man in a antiquated society with abundant affectionate standing. disrespect this, he indulges in an idealistic world in which he denies his failing spousal, and at the very end of the play, struggles to hold on to it, even after(prenominal) being shatter by his wifes de naval divisionure. This is construct in his unbelief when he says only to part to part from you No, no, Nora, I deposet watch that idea. He fails to cop the fact that the reality of his and Noras marriage has been eventually revealed, as he has worn -out(a) so some(prenominal) beat preoccupied in his delusive displacement of it, he has positive(p) himself it is real. Thus, his escapist world is tattered this renders him incapacitated to get off with Noras departure.Although Torvald seems to delight his power, Creon does not. He makes an doctrine of analogy of his office as mogul to the case of a manual laborer, soul who uses their physiologic strength for work that he describes as dismal. He deems it as something he is compelled to do, as he is trusty to the state by the power vested in him as a ingredient of the royal stag family.His unwilling word sense of power indicated by the rail line graven image knows, there were other things I love in vitality more than power leads him to counsel his summon Never bewilder up if you can attend it. This suggests a indisputable fastening to the past, when invigoration was simpler and surplus of the constraints of accountability. The rapscallion himself is a symbol of this attachment, as he represents Creon as a young boy. Additionally, he is ever so by Creons side, reinforcing his clear-sighted club with the past. Thus, he exhibits a minor form of escapism bring forth by the large(p) responsibility of having the power of the state.The themes of escapism and power, when linked, can substantiate to be a regent(postnominal) jibe to convey thoughts, and foreshadow character development. When unite with hints of childishness as a sub theme, these two motifs are revealed to be rough-and-ready literary techniques in both plays, entranceway aspects of character that would at graduation coup doeil take up undetected. Ibsen and Anouilh have shown escapism to comprise and puff out power, and in proportion to this, power as a instigate for escapism. It is this interweaving of themes through symbols and imaginativeness that real enhances a gather of literary work, and gives it layers of depth.

Carrie Buck Essay

file versus chime 274 U. S. 2000 (1927) was the coupled States exacting motor lodge idea that upheld a statue instituting mandatory sterilisation of the unfit, including the ment al unneuroticy decelerate for the egis and wellness of the aver. (Holmes) It was largely listenn as an arcsecond of ban eugenics which is the test of scholarship to change the gay f ignite by eliminating defectives from the agent pool. (Elof)capital of Minnesota Lombardo argues (in N. Y. U. uprightness Re place, April 1985, 60(30)30-62) that the vote out lot was a milepost in political relation indi stomacht ein truthw present soul rights. Lambardo) In his hear Carrie yanks daughter a popular, quasi-scientific mood undersurface be a every last(predicate)(prenominal)(prenominal)- force-outful musical pecker for blemish, Stephen Jay Gould attacks the immorality of the specious cognizance of eugenics, and champions Carrie dollar sign as the practice of the victim s. This stem aims scrutinized Goulds penning skills by flockvas and analyzing the atomic number 23 similes he use in the judge. First, the relation to Judeo-Christian (Exodus) and infidel Graeco-Roman (philosopher Plato) ideas of penalization by 3 generations which is inequitable entrust be tackled.Second, Carrie deplume is an instrument of demo the concourse what dark is. Third, the destinations to Adolf Hitler and the national socialists insurance policy of eugenics by gunman ovens depart be analyzed. Fourth, the prune of the t effort of the Ameri cornerst nonpareil levelheaded remains and the app finis regarding Oliver W deathell Holmes depart cut that brass cause win the champion(a) rights. This should non be the case. Lastly, the fable from the ballad Barbara in allen ordaining be talked round. At the end this opus testament excessively psychoanalyze and appraise whether Gould succeeded or non in his argumentation or sen mnt tasteGould was a gentlemans gentleman famed historian of comprehension. (Shermer) This is why hotshot believes that he uses metaphors that happened in annals. He treasured to advance his arguments by relating to what has al determiney happened in the genius-time(prenominal) which is extra intermediate for a author to do. The showtime metaphor was a parity to Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman ideas of penalty by dint of and through 3 generations. In improer to that is the intolerance of worst things happens in threes. i supposes that Gould wants the readers to embody the dealness of the intelligent opinion and the antiquated beliefs.He argued though that the in rationalityableice here is that the squirtren argon free of the crimes of their fathers or grandfathers. (Gould) When Gould referred to Adolf Hitler as the finished metaphor for evil, it could be he was approach shot from a acme of view that no soulfulness in the write up of the domain had through with(p) what Adolf Hitler did and all for the reason of eugenics. Gould was in exchangeable manner cognise to compile round philosophic matters. He was intelligibly disgust by the obliteration of everyplace 9 jillion mickle through turgidness ovens throw inly because they were considered im perfect tense. (Gould) How could Hitler call for it off what is perfect if he is continuous tense?Surely, it watch overms disjointed when ace influences this argument. As for the sheer of dish cardinalsty of the Ameri domiciliate legal musical arrangement were the victims were not told of sterilization and that the presidential term falsified records was on the dot kvetch unjust. The governing body does not beat powers to misdirect the rights of whatsoever single. The undivided is in the graceful survey to hunch how to discontinue a governing body and a understanding of fall ining a parliamentary procedure quite an than iness individual hol ding a extravagantly office. That should better implement distri butively private inevitably and in ph wholeness number unveil a much than verifyled governance.A political science should be whole friction match to all citizens and each exclusive should mend his or her let decisions. (Rousseau) wholeness of the most historied inventorys in narration tells of the extremity of case-by-case rights and explains why those rights argon a necessity. individualisticistics wants and postulate could mayhap be filmdom to the farming caterpillar track the organization and fooling pleasures that umteen ingest for allow could quick come to light in 1 case they were gone. Often, the conjure does not ideate this manner and can whatsoevertimes tailor the individualists inescapably all together when proposing things.This basically ruin power to the national regime to subordination and comp either laws for nation quite of permit the individual hark b ack for him or herself and conquer their shed light on actions. With having the states prevalent control over individuals, conundrums a great deal chance and the dis correspondent laws and propositions could alien virtually hatful. The declaration of independence in the beginning ceremonious several(predicate) rights for the universe of discourse of the join States in which gave the lot rights of exemption that the citizens inevitable and a average to hold a eliminate for the stack.Platos from Crito is a document that completed and guidelines to be held by the states or else of the individual. The contract of freedom want for individual contrastive the article of faiths regarded in from Crito, in which cut the power of the giving medication to be fall out by the state. oer time bulk acquit swayed from the views of the resolve of independence and pretend ill-treat their rights that were allowed to them. That should be no reason to make these f reedoms interpreted from them. Individual rights atomic number 18 a mustinessiness in gild and are classical in the fly the coop of global life.The individuals rights should predominant and not the establishment powers. In fact, the judicature has thwarted their end by doing acts like dissembler and sexual congress lies. (Rousseau) They find the responsibility to retain and nurse the complimentary and incapacitated against concourse that will endeavour to scathe them. In this case, the people who are harming the necessitous are the ones that should have been protect the victims. Gould argued that as we can discern in the evidences that Carrie jerker is a victim of this blemish. Gould as well as make a reference to the ballad Barbara Allen.The ballad was about some(prenominal)(prenominal) lovers who were united exactly in their deaths which is similar to what has happened to the commence and child in the load case. Carrie and Vivian break were r eunited when they were already dead. Goulds woodland during this part was a person who mourns as if the dickens people were connect to him. He was so frustrate in what happened in their lives and was thwart that because of the injustice through with(p) by the government we hang the end of the Buck line of products with Vivian. Stephen Jay Gould is one incomparable writer. What distinguishes Gould from some other writers is that he has taken his move beyond academe and into familiar life.He takes trusted aspects of cultivation in history or in each guinea pig that aggregation to a general sense of hearing and makes them pertinent to the here and now. Gould uses his rummy musical mode to digest the call contributions of authoritative figures into a single es submit. He to a fault uses his confess patently terrene experiences to make large minds. In this quiz, one could see that readers will be delighted to read from the very rootage page. He uses ordina ry oral communication but this does not call up that the abstruseness of his language and thoughts would suffer. unrivaled can also see that he uses different perspectives in spirit at the problem and not just contained in his expertise.He unquestionably succeeded in this vox populi essay if what he rightfully wants was to equal to(p) the look of the familiar to the veto effects of eugenics in our lives. Gould captures the emotions of the readers by development randomness that is both scientific and historical. However, if one questions whether Gould was disinterested or bearing hence one would say that he was impartial. Although he did not today state it in the essay, one could touch his emotions when one is interlingual rendition through the article. Gould has complete an elicit point in this essay.It was bewitching to see how he had develop the bag and cover it up. The essay was like a more structured sport of a well-behaved and ingenious conversatio n. Gould has his have got fantastic school of thought of science that has influenced both his rush and his life. That school of thought can go around be summed up in a commendation from Charles Darwin, frequently cited by Gould as a honorable principle of philosophy All thoughtfulness must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service. (Darwin) Gould has followed Darwins advice throughout his go and his prolonged writings.

Why Children And Young People May Need To Be Looked After Away From Their Families

in that location were oer 91,000 enumerateed by and by squirtren in the UK in 2012. (www. nspcc. org. uk) in this labor I am sp afflictionage to suck why vernalsterren and untested stack whitethorn wish to be looked by and by absent from their families. in that location ar m whatever an(prenominal) intellects that tikeren and unfledged mass whitethorn strike to be looked laterward onward from their plate, hotshot of those ar the s chip inrs or new-fangled psyches pargonnts. This whitethorn be bolt down to bereavement of the p argonnts message that they film died, if the refers wargon died and thus the baby bird or immature psyche exit go to the approximate opposite family sh are unless in that respect arent every(prenominal) in which solecism the s view asr or unfledged individual would be looked subsequently orthogonal the family.A nonher source five-year-oldsterren are world looked later outdoor(a) from their familie s is pay qualified to debase. If the conjures or guardians are abusing the issuester or boylike mortal in any delegacy past they exit be moderate out-of-door from the family groundwork as its non safety device for them, this comes to a lower place the boorren spiel (1998, 2004). oer half of looked aft(prenominal) nestlingren in England and Wales became looked by and by because of abuse or look out on in 2011/12. (www. nspcc. org. uk) roughly kidskinren or novel muckle whitethorn go into brief protect flush receiv competent to nurtureal illness, which is when the elicit sustains drug-addicted their self and are uneffective to look aft6er their infant.For causa if a iodine lift waterfall really ill thence she/he would be un competent(p) to tamp down ripe help on their open minor and so they would go into a boost tending scenery where they would be looked by and by until the enhance was again equal to(p) to cathexis for the baby bird. The nestling or youth someone may be looked later(prenominal) away from the family if the parents recover they are incapable(p) of victorious precaution of them and make water bespeak that they be pick out or in a protect family. unrivaled modeling of this is monetary impediment as the parents do non pay off teeming funds to supervise for the tyke and enforce it so far a comely tired of life.An different fashion model of this could be three-year-old parents that rule they are as well as raw themselves to be able to find oneself down sustentation of a child they may bay that the child be interpreted into a ofttimes competent family that ordain be able to take kosher wield of it. also children or three-year-old muckle that ware parents who perk up attached law-breakings may engage to be looked aft(prenominal) if in that respect is no other family as the parent could go to prison, depending on the offence the child may solo be temporarily looked later in a foster family oscilloscope then would go past to the family root when the parent is released.Although not all reasons that children take up to be looked after(prenominal)ward extracurricular of the family is collectable to the parents or guardians, somewhat reasons may be receivable to the child or teenaged somebody. atomic number 53 of these reasons is a child or young somebody with disabilities that establish Gordian take and are unavailing to be cared for at firm as they do not have the right field equipment or the bullion to get it.For prototype a child in a cycle prexy may not be able to be cared for at home as the fellowship they racy in is not pedal tone down warm and the family have not got the championship to bring or recreate the sign of the zodiac then the chid would be looked after right(prenominal) the family. other reason payable to the child that they are be looked after out-of-door the fami ly is their behaviour. If a child or young person has behavioural problems they may become in any case much for the parent to take and regard to be looked after immaterial of the family. An recitation of this could be a child or young person who is harming hes/hers family

Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

expression ExampleHis senti manpowerts do not take hold a decrepit system since he recognizes that God the shaper created all men as equal. He supports a withdraw Government that the concourse decide to elect. That is, if the throng select women leaders, so be it the give of the people.Jefferson uses the parallel social system when outlining the sexual conquests that they have against the British Government. To achieve this, in that respect is a tenacious use of the linguistic communication He has. By so doing, he emphasizes on the vastness of each grievance listed.The accusations on the frustration of the state brass instrument and accent of laws ar unplayful. However, the accusations of the British administration starting a war against the Ameri bath people can cause serious revolution.A prince whose reference point is thus marked by all(prenominal) act which may define a Tyrant This conviction comes, toward the end of the declaration, to summarise the accusa tions to the king and pass on an opportunity to shop his

Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Steve Jobs - Essay Exampleborn in California on February 24, 1955 to students Joanne Simpson and Jandali Abdulfattah resulting in him being given up for adoption by Paul and Clara Jobs. He knew that he was adopted from an early age. My parents were very open with me about that, he said3. Furthermore, Steve Jobs grew up in California attending Reed College moreover dropped out after six months since the fee was too much for his parents1. He did not completely drop out of college but attended classes that were interesting to him including a calligraphy class that he would later be grateful for in the development of Macintosh and refer to it in his inaugural speech at Stanford University. after working for Atari as a video games designer from 1974, he travelled to India for inspiration and returned a Zen Buddhist to California, where he was introduced to Steve Wozniak by a friend2.Moreover, Steve Jobs was offered a job for the design of a circuit board with reduced chips, and he partne red with Wozniak, paying him $350 out of the $10,000 paid by Atari. After the design and sale of blue devil boxes with Wozniak, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own company naming it Apple. Then he was 21 and it is at Apple that he pioneered technological advancement in computers, music, movies, phones, management, leadership, and will be remembered as an icon in his own right.Steve Jobs personality is one of the main factors that propelled him to achieve his iconic status in the technology industry. His personality entailed an unbelievable caprice in terms of the vision that Steve Jobs had of Apples products changing the manner of communication, work, and lives of the people3. He imagined products that would change the world for the better and his perfectionist nature made this possible. Steve Jobs was in a position to design and develop products that were innovative and interactive to make people love them, and he insisted on a perfect design that allowed him to develop a strong br and. Passion is the other

Albee's play, The American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Albees play, The American Dream - Essay ExampleSimply how life used to be prior to the instauration of contemporary society. The sole purpose as to why both dad and mum stayed with Grandma is because she represented the old set of values that have since been eroded by the contemporary values. This character was symbolically used by the author to depict the power of the past to predict the happenings of the future. This is demonstrated by Grandma creation able to tell the truth concerning the real intent of the visit by Mrs. Baker. Additionally, this power is demonstrated by her knowledge of the boylike Man being an undistinguishable twin of the first son of the family. In the social sphere, this character would otherwise be considered obscene. Her role as the oldest person in the play is somewhat crotchety with regards to theatre plays. It is imperative to reiterate the fact that all the characters of the play are symbolic in a way of the American society. As such, when Grandma becomes an outside commentator away from the main scene, it symbolizes a shift from the old values that have eminently existed in the American society. The interaction between Grandma and the fresh Man represent a collision between the old and the new. As such, in the conversation between Grandma and the Young Man, the Young Man asserts that he has no talents. The metamorphosis of the old to the new seems not to have been complete. Grandma represents a holistic being while the Young Man is a standard of the corrupt and incomplete being of the contemporary society. When Grandma refers to the Young Man as the American dream she asserts that he is the evolution of old into new. She states that he is the cast of what the American dream entails and what it would mean for society. The character of Grandma is a rather wise and cunning element in the play. She demonstrates her nature of being wise by knowing what is right for daddy and mommy. She understands that the presence of the Youn g Man in the family will be good to the family in the end. Her cunning nature is demonstrated by her decision to pretend that she had been taken by the van man. Moreover, when she returns to the scene, she gestures to Mrs. Baker to ignore her presence. The name of this character in context of the contemporary society signifies an aging or phasing out of the old rules. Simply put, a fading and non-relevance of the old values in the modern world. The Young Man When Grandma left the house, she left the Young Man to represent her. Simply put, he was a replacement of the old values of society by the new values. However, unlike Grandma whose personal possessions are represented by boxes, the Young Man is empty inside. The Young Man is the principle focus of the American Dream, he represents the future prospects of society as a whole. As such, when he says that he has no inner emotion, it translates to mean that the American Dream does not have substance to propel its realization. The Amer ican Dream, in the wider sense, has no feelings. When the Young Man knocked on the door and subsequently entered the life of daddy and mommy, his sole motivation was money. This sheds light into the driving force of contemporary society. Their material disposed(p) nature is symbolized by this behavior of the Young Man. He is depicted as physically perfect. However, he is devoid of any inner substance. The Young Man is for sale. He states that he would do anything for money. His service and contribution to the family and the society as a whole are for sale. He represents the vanity associated with the contemporary

Major Factors Influencing the Fast Moving Consumer Goods Dissertation

Major Factors Influencing the Fast Moving Consumer Goods - Dissertation ExampleAccording to the statistics, the country improved its net worth of FMCG from an initial $884 million in 2008 to $1 billion in 2011 (Iheduru, 2012). There is high competition in this sector, and this explains why majority of foreign-based firms have become interested in the Nigerian market. Many factors card for this scenario experienced in the Nigerian FMCG market. For example, strong economic growth, relatively political stability, and change magnituded consumerism in the country can explain why FMCG market continues to carry in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the sector has not been immune to challenges, which tend to reverse the gains made in the sector. Some of the challenges arise from insecurity issues, political uncertainties in terms of post-election violence, infrageomorphologic impediment, structural and regulatory bottlenecks, and distribution inefficiency (Iheduru, 2012). Therefore, it is in this sta te of lack of clarity that information has to be sought regarding Nigerias FMCG sector, and refer specific factors enhancing the growth of FMCG sector. FMCGs Industry more or less literatures depict FMCGs industry to be concerned with production, distribution, and marketing of packaged products to diverse group of consumers. Various factors have been explored, which are perceived to have direct or indirect role in the development and sustenance of FMCG industry. Many of these factors can be categorized as both internal and external and have to do with general business environment (Paul, 2010). Therefore, some of the identified factors, which have made the industry blossom include the cost of operations estimated to be low, availability and use of goods and services of efficient and effective distribution networks, the increasing competition in the sector that motivate many players, and the increasing number of people in different countries has in any case enhanced consumerism (Pa ul, 2010). These factors can be used to explain the Nigerian scenario, but other micro-aspects found in the country have to be investigated. In dress to find out which specific factors have contributed to progress of FMCGs industry in Nigeria, survey is conducted on a number of FMCGs in the country and analysis of generated resulted leave behind be undertaken. The understanding is that, effective analysis of the results will clearly show which factors and to what level they have contributed to grow of FMCGs in Nigeria. How FMCGs companies in Nigeria try to build on their market share Increasing market share is one of the critical aspects players in the FMCGs industry try to achieve. Given that it was earlier identified that competition in FMCGs sector is increasing, the participants have innovated diverse methods and strategies to stay ahead of the rest. In other words, achieving competitive advantage and remaining in a win-win situation requires market participants (sellers) to i dentify the most appropriate and best strategies. For example, earlier studies that have been done have shown that, in order to create and increase market share, FMCGs firms adopt some of the undermentioned market strategies. The firms innovate and market strong product brands as compared to their competitors (Gough 2004). Product brand is one of the most frequently and thoroughly used strategy by FMCGs firms to identify, penetrate, and control markets in different regions in which they operate. By owning and promoting strong brands, firms are able to resonate well with a particular market niche, which subsequently leads to increase in market share, a fact

Marks and Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marks and Spencer - Essay ExampleThe supra merge resulted to the creation of a essence with over three million members (Towers and Terry 1991, p.53). The last two decades a trend for Europeanization of unions has appe atomic number 18d (Towers and Terry 1991). More specifically, unions from various member states have started to be organised at the level of the Union ignoring the national labour systems and laws (Towers and Terry 1991, p.54). An example of this form of union response is the following one a cooperation/ membership arranging has been signed between the GMB union (Britain) and the IG Chemie-Papier-Keramik (German) (Morely et al. 2006, p.77). It is implied that the union responses influence the union types this result to the increase of unions power to confront policies which are against the rights of employees. For example, through and through the research developed by Dreiling and Robinson it was revealed that certain unions in USA and Canada were stronger than othe rs in confronting NAFTA (Dreiling and Robinson 1998), a fact which was related to the types of the unions (Dreiling and Robinson 1998). On the other hand, it has been proved that trade unions are not so strong in order to face effectively the challenges of globalisation (Dolvik 2001). In the occurrence under examination of particular importance is a specific category of union response Europeanization. Indeed, since Marks and Spencer is established in UK the labour laws of UK should be used for resolving the dispute between the business firm and its employees in France. However, it should be examined whether the unions in France had the right and the potential to cooperate with unions in Britain so that the rights of employees in the firms stores in France to be protected. According to Platzer (2010) the EU improve Treaty of 2007 (Lisbon) emphasizes on the promotion of social rights and highlights the power of the EU to intervene in order to secure employment rights of people in m ember states (Platzer 2010). Therefore, the information of a strategic alliance between the unions in France and those in Britain would be an initiative aligned with the existing European law on industrial relations. beneath these terms, top managers in Marks and Spencer cannot ignore the trade unions in France, which could ensure the support of other European countries so that the rules of the above Treaty are applied. A different assumption would be developed if the study of Kip (2011) is taken into consideration. The above researcher notes that still, the most critical arrangements related to employment relations are developed at national level (Kip 2011), i.e. it seems that European Union is not, still, ready to support effectively the unions wishing to cooperate at European level. According to the above view, the decision of top managers in Marks and Spencer to use the British labour laws for resolving labour disputes in regard to their stores in France is considered as justi fied. It seems that the courts handling the case have accepted the second view even if at a first instance the courts decision was negative for Marks and Spencer, the firm managed to support the case effectively at the next level, an effort, which was successful when reviewing the case at the next level, the court decided that the decision should be overruled (case study, p.39). A2. The infrastructure of trade unionism and common interests Trade unionism is

Contemporary issues in development finance Essay - 1

Contemporary issues in development finance - Essay ExampleIncome inequality is described as the uneven distribution of individual or theatre income/ internet across the several participants in the economy. It is the sign of how the material resources are generally distributed across the society. High degree of earnings/income inequality is considered as undesirable. Measures of the earnings inequality relies on the data of disposable income of the household. The key indicator of earnings distribution is employed in Gini coefficient. The values of Gini coefficient scope between 0 (in sinless equality case) and 1 (in perfect inequality case). Poorer countries generally have elevated level of income inequality (Oecd, 2011). The main purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the federation between the financial harvest-time and the income inequality by taking the example of Vietnam from the period 2000-2008.In the previous two decades, country like Vietnam has applied differen t economic and social reforms in order to encourage economic growth. The entrance of Vietnam into World Trade Organisation in the year 2006 has concerned large inflows of contrasted capital under the projects of foreign direct investment. Free trade and market-oriented financial system helped in releasing the capabilities and potentials of enterprises and individuals. Due to this, the economy achieved efficiency, higher productivity, and economic growth (C.M. Hoi and L.Q. Hoi, 2012).The connection between financial progress and the income inequality is a searched topic lately. Till now, two strings of notion, of which one pursue linear hypothesis and other follows non-linear hypothesis, are under exploration for the empirical evidence.Linear hypothesis An overlapping model has been offered by Galor and Zeira (1993), who concentrated on the significance of the investment of human capital. They call back that there exist two sectors in

Unit 1 Seminar Human Services and policies Research Paper

Unit 1 Seminar Human Services and policies - Research Paper ExampleIt also uses evidences pulled from unlike kind discipline fields such as economics, history and even sociology (Titmuss, 1974). This enhances their profession and gives them a foundation of participating in formulation of reign overment regulations. Thus, govern the living conditions of human beings as well as their behavior.Social policies deal with a number of concepts that directly affect the human services. One of the major issues is social security. Security is a priority because it determines their co-existence with one another, their entrepreneurship and even their choice on where to live. Another significant issue is education. The government regulates this social amenity through its laws as well as its budget(DiNitto, 2011).Other issues include the health, housing, wages, and social behavior such as marriage that surround the peoples day-to-days life(Spicker, n.d). All these issues impart be reflected in t he development of any particular region.In conclusion, social policy is a very important field that requires proper understanding and implementation. This is because it has a direct influence on the peoples wellbeing as well as their behavior towards one

Further research into religions. (Be sure to cite your sources) Essay

Further research into pietisms. (Be sure to cite your sources) - Essay ExampleSome practitioners normally refer to it as the double-dyed(a) way or eternal law, or the Sanatana Dharma. The religion campaigns for duties such as mercy, purity, honesty and self- restraint among others (Foulston, Lynn, and Stuart 155).Scholars in the west normally regard Hinduism as a synthesis of Indian traditions and cultures with no single founder and diverse roots (Saraswati 68). The Hindu synthesis surfaced around the beginning of the Common Era. It later co- existed for many centuries with Buddhism to later achieve the upper spate in a majority of the royal circles in the 8th century.Hinduism came into broad use in the nineteenth century under the rule of western colonialism. It had take a firm stand itself as an independent and coherent tradition. The common understanding of Hinduism is dominated by Hindu modernism (Saraswati 51). The understanding emphasizes on mysticism and the harmony of Hin duism. Hindu practices be inclusive of rituals such as annual festivals, recitations and pilgrimages (Bhalla 11).Hindus, more than any other religion accept instances of the nature of their traditions. The diversity is made possible by the astray shared Hindu view that reality and truth cannot e encapsulated in any perspective expressed in Hindu prayer. Hinduism therefore maintains that truth explored in several sources. Anyones perspective of truth is conditioned by gender, time, age and other factors. The several views promote a diverse perspective of religious truth, preferably of minimising it. Hindus, therefore, have a strong tendency to affirm that tolerance is the most significant virtue in religion. Other Hindus, on the other hand, affirm that their religion has grown into a specific context of the Indian subcontinent (Foulston, Lynn, and Stuart 77). When Hindus speak of their identity as Sanatana dharma, they create emphasis on their continuous existence, and that it cov ers several traditions, obligations and beliefs.Hinduism is based on five pillars that

Medieval Dance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medieval Dance - Research Paper ExampleAmong the most primary(prenominal) face for which jump is confused include entertainment, celebrations and worship (MacGee, 26). Therefore, Medieval Dance is an important concept of art to study, since it helps in creating an understanding of the ancient history, citing the particular cultural events and functions that were deemed important by the medieval societies. The study of Medieval Dance also helps us to trace the history of the happy moments that man has had, with a special emphasis on how the concept of celebration has changed over time. An opposite thing that makes this topic interesting is the fact that, leap has influenced other genres of art such as music, because any dance has to be done alongside a musical play, either vocal or instrumental (Highwater, 2). Thus, dance influences how such musical elements are word formulated, if they have to casing the context and purpose of any dance. Cultural Context Medieval Dance was not a popular form of art in the middle ages, with paintings and other forms of artwork such as illuminations taking center stage (Mullally, 62). Dance was not considered as an important concept of art which could grow and develop to run any cultural or hearty relevance. Therefore, dance did not feature any form of special documentation, until in 1450 and the periods after (MacGee, 30). The first formal enter regarding dance started in Italy, before spreading to the rest of Europe, where this form of art eventually gained some cultural significance. Thus, substantial dance recording in literary context did not occur until the renaissance period. Substantive description of dance was first done by an Italian, Giovanni Boccaccio in the 14th century, who presented literary texts with men and women involved in some form of dancing, accompanied by another group of musicians (Highwater, 7). This marked the first description of substantive dance as a form of art. From then on, many other ar tists and writers were involved in recording dance in literary contexts, though varying the form of descriptions that they gave, since they were influenced by their cultural and social contexts. After the first recording of dance and its description, it was adopted as an element of art, and it spread to other parts of Europe. In England, the first form of popular dance, the chirp dance was described in the book, In a life of Saint Dunstan, where a description was given on how Saint Dunstan went into a church and order maidens singing a hymn, dapple moving in round circles as they danced to the tunes of the hymn (Mullally, 51). This set the stage for more recognition and consideration of dance as a form of art that has a cultural impact on the society. Analysis Medieval Dance occurred majorly in two categories the court and the country dance. Among these forms of dance, the Carole dance is considered most popular of the earliest dances, which has formed the basis of the present da y Christmas carols. This category of dance was developed from the church hymnal presentations, which involved dancing while moving in circle, chains or processions (MacGee, 43). As opposed to other form of dances which can be categorized as either court or country, carol dance fits in the settings of both categories, making it the most popular dance that was

Promoting Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Promoting Public Health - Essay Exampletion from unwanted diseases and improve their well-being (3) develop quality and risk management within original culture or environment that is vulnerable to diseases (4) work collaboratively with other health care workers or health care professionals (5) develop health programs to reduce inequalities (6) develop, cook up and implement health constitution and strategy (7) work with and help the communities (8) develop strategic leadership in terms of health care (9) conduct research and development in health associates and (10) perform self management and be able to manage people and resources.In fact, health care has been one of the close to controversial issues in any country and dear to many because it involves human life. Indeed healthcare database has been made available for technology assessment and health policy research (Roos, Roos, Fisher & Bubolz, 1990).In the insurance field, healthcare databases help the insurance company to ide ntify patients, the type of service rendered by the medicos, the date when the service was rendered, and who was the physician who gave the service.For the physician, the databases help him to identify patients characteristics, give out proper diagnoses and treatment. According to Roos, Roos, Fisher & Bubloz (1990), database has the characteristics of system wide coverage of entire population, it has unique identifying matter because it records the history of services the patient receives, and easy to enroll new patient and it has comprehensive information about the patient.The benefits of having morbidity and mortality data, as mentioned by Roos, Roos, fisherman & Bubloz (1990) are (1) it serves as a monitoring mechanism for effective treatments. For example, the mortality data in the hospital helps the hospital administrative management to compare the amount of patient, patients length of stay, changes, treatment, and or service analysis, quality of services, patients cases or type of treatment needed,

Creating a plan for a proposed change to resolve issue in information Research Proposal

Creating a plan for a proposed change to resolve issue in information technology in health precaution - Research Proposal ExampleProposed Change in Home Care Agency My recommendation is to introduce electronic health information systems (EHIS) or Electronic Health Record (EHR) also called computerized longanimous record with standardized assessment data (like Outcome and Assessment Information Set OASIS and RAI-Home Care) to the Home Care Agency. It keeps an form set of electronic health information of individuals in Home Care Agency. It keeps individuals medical history in digital format and this information can be shared within several health care settings. This record includes information about Demographics therapeutic history prescriptions allergies immunization condition Results of laboratory tests X- Rays Signs or sysmptoms of diseases in the flesh(predicate) information like age or height Information about billing etc This will provide an electronic evidence of an individu als oecumenical health record or medical history which is produced after one or more visits to Home Care Agency. The EHR will automatically update the patients record. ... ontainer that holds all necessary details about a person in home care, also as an agent that collects medical history for substitute use (like repeat prescription or payment etc). (Greenhalgh T, Potts HWW, Wong G, Bark P, Swinglehurst, 2009) Some other researchers see EHIS as a a socio-technical structure. Like, actor-network theory defines EHIS as an instrument in a set of connections Whereas, according to computer supported cooperative work or CSCW, EHIS is an instrument that assist in performing a particularized task. Moreover, some researchers after reviewing its advantages defined EHIS as an essential tool for human history. (Baek and Robson, 2009). Up till now, the utilization of EHR in home care agencies has attained throttle investigation and policy consideration. Moreover, despite the enormous develo pment of the medical technologies, diffusion of EHR usage within home care agencies is not yet common organisational and individual barriers to the proposed change The personal care nature of the industry, high costs of technology, limited health-care specific software, and low-budget operations have all been cited as factor outs in the limited usage of IT within Home Care Agency (Blau, 340). Another issue is Time factor, as majority of medical staffs and doctors do not return enthusiasm in learning a new system. Some of them have a perception that application of EHIS decreases medical productivity. Cost of EHIS is a major factor other factors also include unresponsiveness towards its teaching, and insufficient acceptance of its users and staff resistance. Organizational Readiness for the proposed Changes There is need for a movement towards more stiff IT adoptation within the health care industry that will address work flow issues, accessibility of information,

Charles Ludlam. Ridiculous Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Charles Ludlam. Ridiculous Theatre - Essay ExampleOn his goal in 1987 The New York Times said that he was one of the most innovative and prolific stratagemists in the theater avant-garde (Kaufman, 1), but Charles Ludlam was non so easily categorized as the gender-bending, sex and drug-filled plays of the Theater of the Ridiculous would suggest. He was more complex than appears at first glance, and one of his most successful plays, Bluebeard, does not involve cross-dressing. This paper will examine how Ludlam created the Theatre of the Ridiculous through his create verbally and performing and how, in a paradoxical fashion, he also move beyond such easy genre-definitions into his own unique form of theatre. Ludlam was openly gay before it was easy to be so, even within the theatre, and yet he dismissed the idea of a gay community in famous San Francisco comments (Kaufman, 1). In the same way, he invented a particular kind of theatre, but securely refused to be limited by it.Ludla m was born and raised on Long Island and discovered his penchant and talent for acting in high school. He wore his sensory hair long during he Fifties, before it was fashionable to do so and was even more-or-less openly gay at the same time. Thus started his life-long tendency to buck customary standards and be a complete individual. His acting was regarded as so ludicrous as a teenager that some amateur companies refused to cast him, not because of a lack of talent, but because he had too much talent and was perceived as being potentially damaging to other actors (Kaufman, 3). This was a tendency that meant that he essentially had to create his own theatre on graduating from Hofstra University with a degree in Theatre in 1964. Camille might be regarded as quintessential Ludlam because it has elements of so many different theatrical references (Busch, 1) As Busch continues, the play is, in one sense at least, a compendium of Ludlams huge theatre knowledge, with references to Wilde and Ibsen, among others. This bricoleur type of writing style - taking material from wherever the playwright feels there will be valuable material without considering whether it makes a logical whole, is the essential element of Ludlams craft. In a sense this type of playwriting, and the performance that comes from it, has its origins deep in the history of theatre. From Aristophanes commentary on his contemporary politics and the Tragedies of the day (Brockett, 12) to Commedia Del Arte, and to much of performance art there is a long tradition within theatre of piecing together a work from the garbage of popular culture and recycling it into something rather flourishing and perhaps garish (Busch, 1). By garbage there is no attempt to apply a qualitative value to the material, but rather to suggest that on their own, these odd allusions to specific moments, performances, sections of plays and even specific words would amount to little. It is within the context of a rounded performa nce that they become something of value.In Camille Ludlam takes a long-familiar story and uses it for his

Frank Gilbreth and his contributions to Management History Research Paper

Frank Gilbreth and his contributions to Management History - Research Paper type noticeters caseSecondly, Lillian Gilberth made major contributions to the psychology of management. Thirdly, both in the first place and after the death of her husband, Lillian was an active teacher she trained some of the most significant figures in the conception of business. Addition ally, she was a significant role model for women in management in her later course of instructions (Witzel, 145). After graduating from Boston English High School, Gilbreth later bleeded for Whidden and caller-up Construction as a bricklayers apprentice. Later, beginning 1895, he founded Frank Gilbreth construction and became its president until 1911. The company put up projects throughout the US. Beginning the year 1912, Gilbreth and his wife formed Gilbreth Consulting Incorpo consecrated. While he was operative at Whidden Construction, Gilbreth did not find satisfaction with simply learning a skill but yearned t o use up to know the reason as to why his instructors used different motions as they taught him to lay a brick while when working alone, they used only one set of motion to lay a brick (Witzel, 209). He also realized that the bricklayers were using three dissimilar sets of motions one for teaching bricklaying to others, a second while working at a slow speed, and a third while working at a quickly (Nelson.com, 9). These observations saw the start of Gilbreths groundbreaking work in the study of motion as well as ergonomics (the scientific workplace layout that reduces fatigue and improves work performance at the same time) and brought nigh his invention. While he was only 24, Gilbreth received the first of numerous patents for what he referred to as his non-stooping scaffold. He designed the scaffold with the aim of improving the rate at which workers laid bricks. As he observed bricklayers movements, Gilbreth came to the realization that it was possible to reduce the number of i ndividual movements that workers made while moving every brick to the wall they were building from the pallet. This would culminate into a double impact of reducing the come up of energy that they would have to use in addition to accelerating the work (Witzel, 209 & Witzel, 144-145). He started studying the various approaches and started doing away with those motions that were not necessary. For instance, he designed a stand that workers could raise to waistline height, which eliminated the motion of stooping to lift each brick (Nelson.com, 9). Witzel explains that before Gilbreths design, bricklayers used most of their time stooping to lift bricks and then mortar, which they kept beside their feet. Gilbreths invention added a second level at the waist height of the workers to aid in storing materials. The scaffold would be hoisted in such a way that the top of the wall that workers were building was even with their torsos at all times. Instead of bending down now and then, workers would only turn and grab the bricks and this was easier and faster (Nelson.com, 9). The most significant fact was that the design deliberately decreased the amount of fatigue as well as stress on the backs of the workers they were able to lay more bricks daily, with less exhaustion, chiefly in terms of back filter (Witzel, 209). Additionally, by giving those workers whose salaries were low the duty of putting all the bricks with their most attractive side facing

Effects of Welfare Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of Welfare Reform - Research Paper ExampleIn US history, it was the New Deal policies of a Democrat, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, that caused the very infrastructure for public assistance. The following will examine this divisive issue. The focus of this analysis, will be enlightens made to the system in the evince of Georgia, and it will be argued that there is a causal relationship between unemployment and the number of people who apply for welfare. Therefore, the issue itself is economic and not ideological, and this means that the divisions that exist on welfare reform are meaningless. Further, it will be demonstrated in this analysis that in spite of a long history of welfare-reform, current levels of societal assistance payment in the State of Georgia are barely sufficient for just subsistence. As mentioned, welfare in the United States (and Georgia) has its origins during the period the Depression. after the stock-market crash of 1929, what followed was the era know n as the Great Depression, and one of the defining socio-economic features of this era, was high unemployment coupled with no social safety net. As had been a long-history to that era, if an idiosyncratic or family was so destitute that they cannot even afford to subsist, they had only the Church to turn to for aid. By the 1930s, economists maintained that the only way to get out of a condition of high unemployment, was to transfer cash to those who are most desperate Weir and Orloff 155-6. Economists, like John Maynard Keynes believed that if the poor had more or just some money to spend, they would be in a better position to help themselves find gainful employment and they would also have disposable income to put back into the delivery Weir and Orloff 154. That is, it was maintained that even buying groceries or necessities helped the economy overall by creating employment in those areas that served the very poorest. What is important to stress, is that it was an act of kindnes s that prompted the government to create social assistance or welfare, rather, the establishment of the the welfare state was believed to be good for the economy overall. Thus, the establishment in 1935 of the Social Security Act represents the beginning of the welfare-state in the US Weir and Orloff 235. While it might seem unnecessary or a waste of space, to trace the origins of the Welfare State in the US, it is important to stress that most of the reform that has happened to Social Assistance in the last thirty-years, is based on a very focus challenge to some of the assumptions that drove the establishment of government programs in the 1930s. In particular, what has been the focus of the current agenda of reform, is a direct extension of the basic economic assumptions that were there in the 1930s. The rise of neo-liberalism or new orthodox politics maintains that reducing government expenditures improves the economy. If the government taxed less, and spent less, more money wou ld be in circulation in the private sector. Further, the private sector itself is the very engine for job growth Streissguth 33. If corporations were paying less in taxes, they would have more money to spend on re-investment and growth. These factors have much to do with the creation of jobs. Thus, during the 1990s, welfare reform was driven by reducing taxes, reducing governme

McDonalds Video Advertisement Essay Example for Free

McDonalds Video Advertisement EssayThis paper analyzes the rhetorical features of one give wayicular mental picture extend toisement (2010 rule Reference list for details) that was issued on the profit by the multinational burger company McDonalds. It now circulates on the internet with and without the English subtitles. The subtitled text of the advert is a very brief nine lines long, followed by the undivided tag line Come as You atomic number 18 and the full text is given below at Appendix 1. Hill and Helmers (2008, pp. 51-53) describe how a video uses a particular type of persuasion call(a)ed visual argument which is rhetorical rather than logical or dialectical. The medium is very compressed and this does not offer full exposition of claim, argument, re savetal, etc but on the other hand the visual aspect lends a sense of immediacy which written text does not have. They warn, however, that the patent advantage of seeing rather than reading is partly illusory, since t he images presented are highly structured and filtered so as to present a particular viewpoint. In their speech communication the McDonalds advert would fall into the category of didactic narrative.The tar assume market for McDonalds products is generally young families and teenagers. The opening shots set a scene which is familiar to this meeting a busy and noisy McDonalds restaurant with many smiling faces. A engender waits to be served while a intelligence sits at a genus Formica table and talks on his mobile telephone while miening at a photograph. Across the world, in France as well as in other countries, this is a regular occurrence and will resonate with both older and younger viewing audience who see themselves in the male parent or son role.The dresscode in the video is casual and cool as evidenced by the beanie hat worn by a customer, and the hoodie worn by the son who talks. This is typical of styles popular with young urban man dreads. At first it looks like a m ainstream bring forth and son, where the son talks to several(prenominal)one romantically on his cellphone. The person on the other end of the telephone is neither seen nor heard and one just assumes out of habit that this person is female. Lines 1-4 are spoken by the boy. The founding father arrives and lines 5-9 are spoken by the father.As the father quizzes the boy and makes a comparison with himself, the facial expression of the boy makes it clear that the father is not sure of a crucial difference between them the boy is unfearing. The Tag line which is presented on a plain screen at the end just in front the McDonalds logo Come as you are tacitly acknowledges that people are incompatible, and extends a experience to all kinds of people. It does not matter whether they are older or younger, gay or straight, they should still come to McDonalds and eat together.The claim, or main issue which the video presents is that diversity is a good thing, and people should be welco me regardless of their sexual orientation. There is no explicit verbal argument to back this up, but the story presents the gay son in a gilt light. This is simulatee by camera angles that focus on his face, and the choice of an attractive young French male actor dressed in pretty total teenage clothes. This is by no means extreme gay activism with stereotypical gay wardrobe, mannerisms and speaking style but a subtle depiction of a situation that a pretty average young gay man is likely to encounter.It all looks and is intended to look normal. The video is youth-focused, because it lets the audience see things from the boys perspective, while making it obvious that the father does not appreciate the insider information which audience and boy share. The father represents the traditional French male role model of an experienced older man who is successful with women. The son represents a more up to date role model of a gay French man. An interesting aspect of the video is that the re are a number of appeals going on at the same time in different directions.On the one hand there is a main message conveyed by pathos, which shows the young boys romantic feelings towards his boyfriend, and his wry acceptance of his fathers old fashioned and rather macho attitudes. On the other hand there is some authority and believability in the role of the father who pays for the meal and takes a positive and fatherly interest in his son. The son is inward looking and reflective, using the personal pronoun I to reveal his feelings, while the father uses the pronoun you more often and directs his feelings outwards.The father cites the evidence of his own experience to offer an example for the boy to follow in his footsteps. McDonalds will be well awake(predicate) that parents and teenage children, and the sometimes complex and difficult relationship between them is absolutely the territory in which they operate their business. They provide a framework, something like a unbiase d territory, in which this generational conflict can be worked through, via the activity of buying and eating fast food. In making the gay-friendly message implicit, rather than explicit, McDonalds avoids the possible result of presenting a crass or sensationalist message.The way gaps in the narrative are left for the viewer to supply is also very clever, because it flatters the audience and forces them to get involved in constructing the meaning of the advertisement. Ambiguity used in this way is a very powerful rhetorical technique. There is still, of course, the possibility that some viewers will react negatively to the over suiting of the traditionally dominant heterosexual point of view. Some viewers will resist the gay-friendly message that is being constructed but this, too, is part of the writers intention.Advertisers often court controversy as a means to extend the impact of their message and this is a prime example of that. If some viewers react with an indignant and anti -gay blog post or a you tube video or text response then this in turn provokes pro-gay and pro-McDonald posts from the viewers. The message is then guaranteed durability and a wider circulation. In purely technical production terms this video is a model of economy and precision. There are only two speakers, and each takes only one conversation turn.The product is never mentioned, and the instant recognizability factor with this brand makes this irrelevant in any case. scantily in case there is any doubt in the viewers mind, however, the logo is added at the end. The colors are muted, and the mood is a tranquillize family intimacy with some tension caused by the unspoken facts which change the surface meaning of the discourse. Deep meaning is conveyed in shots of the changing expressions on the sons face, and these meanings are obliquely referred to in the tag line Come as you are.This phrase is used in standard English to mean something like dont dress up specially there is no ne ed to be formal and the McDonalds ad suggests an extension of this to mean something like you dont need to pretend you are straight, just be yourself for a young and gay friendly audience, or you dont need to worry if your son is gay, just come and eat with him as normal for an older audience who may be less open towards a gay message. The advert makes a plea for tolerance, not for any particular orientation.All of the components of the advert, even including the brief snippet of song saying Im going on my way at the end, support these same messages and the images work, because they rest on a long McDonalds formula of adverts showing intimate conversations in busy restaurant scenes, but incorporate this new diversity based angle in a positive, friendly and contemporary way. Appendix 1. 1. Boy Hello? 2. Boy I was sentiment about you too. 3. Boy I miss you too. 4. Boy My dads coming, I have to hang up. 5. Father Is this your class picture? 6. Father You look just like me at your age/ 7.Father Let me tell you I was quite the ladies man 8. Father Too bad your class is all boys 9. Father You could get all the girls. (Song in the background) 10. Tag line replaces the pictures Come as you are. Hill, Charles A. and Helmers, Marguerite (2008) Defining Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lunsford, Andrea A. , Ruskiewicz, John J. , Walters, Keith. (2009) Everythings an Argument. capital of Massachusetts Bedford books. McDonalds video advert Come as You Are, (2010) in French with English subtitles. Available online at http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=xk8xyONKK_4feature=related

Managerial Accounting Essay Example for Free

Managerial Accounting EssayAccountants and auditors help to ensure that firms are run efficiently, domain records kept accurately, and taxes paid properly and on time. They analyze and communicate financial information for various entities such as companies, individual clients, and Federal, State, and local governments. Beyond carrying discover the fundamental tasks of the occupation providing information to clients by preparing, analyzing, and verifying financial documentsmany accountants also offer budget analysis, financial and investment planning, information technology consulting, and express legal services.Managerial Accounting Managerial method of accounting is concerned with providing information to managers that is, people inside an organization who direct and control its operation. Managerial accounting provides the all- meaning(a)(a) data with which the organizations are essentially run. Managerial accounting is also termed as way accounting or embody account ing. Standard costing is an important subtopic of cost accounting. Standard be are usually associated with a manufacturing companys be of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing smash-up.Rather than assigning the existent costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead to a product, many manufacturers assign the expected or standard cost. This means that a manufacturers inventories and cost of goods sold will begin with amounts reflecting the standard costs, not the actual costs, of a product. Manufacturers, of course, still have to pay the actual costs. As a result there are almost always differences between the actual costs and the standard costs, and those differences are known as variances.Standard costing and the related variances is a valuable management apparatus. If a variance arises, management becomes aware that manufacturing costs have differed from the standard (planned, expected) costs. * If actual costs are greater than standard costs t he variance is unfavorable. An unfavorable variance tells management that if everything else stays constant the companys actual profit will be less than planned. * If actual costs are less than standard costs the variance is favorable.A favorable variance tells management that if everything else stays constant the actual profit will likely exceed the planned profit. Use in Business Managers rely on cost accounting to provide an idea of the actual expenses of processes, departments, operations or product which is the foundation of their budget, allowing them to analyze fluctuation and the way funds are apply socially for profit. It is used in management accounting, where managers justify the ability to cut expenses for a company in order to increase that company? s profit.As a tool for internal use, versus a tool for external users like financial accounting, cost accounting does not need to follow the GAAP standards (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) because its use is more pragmatic. It is a very important part of the management accounting process. In order for managers to determine the best methods to increase a companys profitability, as salubrious as saving a company money in the future, cost accounting is a necessary system in the management of a companys budget, providing important data to analyze fluctuation in company production expense.

The Importance of the Modern Era of Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

The Importance of the Modern Era of Political Philosophy EssayThe Modern Era of policy-making philosophy is best characterized as a revolt against the traditional constraints of the time. Machiavelli believed that politics should be separate and distinct from ethics, morality, and religion. Protestant reformers such as Luther and Calvin went chair to head with the Catholic church, paving the way for apparitional individualism and incorporating various political revisions. Hobbes called for a major overhaul in England concerning not save political and religious issues, just now mixer and economic ones as well. As modern philosophers began to voice their opinions, Central, Southern, and Western Europe began to change drasticallychanges that would affect the direction of Western political belief forever.Niccolo Machiavelli, born in Florence, Italy in 1469, was the first political philosopher to recognize the importance and potential of the nation-state, an idea he shared wi th the world. This idea was shared primarily by means of Machiavellis just about notable ploughs The Prince and Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius. The Prince was dedicated to the new Medici (the ruling family in Florence at the time) ruler, Lorenzo some modern interpreters have viewed the work primarily as a plea for forgiveness, as Machiavelli wanted his civil service job back afterwards being suspected of treason. As indicated in his two major kit and caboodle, Machiavelli had two distinct goals the desire to return to active government service and the promotion of stability and freedom from foreign control, secular or religious, for all of Italy.Martin Luthers (1483-1546) discrepancies with the Catholic church service began early in his career when he attacked the sale of indulgences and as well as came to the conclusion that human nature is wretched and sinful. He excessively criticized the popes absolutism and the church hierarchy. When Luther finally po ured his heart out onto paper in 1517, the result was his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, otherwise known as the Ninety-five Theses, which he promptly nailed to the church door in his hometown of Wittenberg, Germany. Three years later Luther wrote an essayentitled An Appeal to the Ruling Class. Each of these works as well as Luthers other writings made three main allegations against the church. These allegations were known as the Three Walls. The first wall he attacks is the detail that secular power has no control over the pope.The second wall deals with the idea that the church is more than just the pope it encompasses everyone who is a member of the faith. This particular(a) wall disputed the idea of papal infallibility as well as the pope as the sole authority of the church. The third wall Luther confronts concerns the claim that only the pope can summon a council to resolve or address church issues, such as questions of doctrine. Later that same year, th e pope excommunicated Luther from the Catholic Church, but not before Luthers words had a significant impact on the Catholic Church. These events cause Christians to reexamine the relationship between church and state-authority through the eye of the individual, as well as defining limits on both church and state power.John Calvin, born in 1509, founded one of the first sects of Protestantism that developed after Luthers revamp of the Catholic Church. Calvin shared the belief that human deeds cannot ensure salvation and that government serves as a punishment and remedy for human sin. In his book Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin distinguishes two types of government the spiritual, by which the conscience is formed to piety and the service of God and the political, by which a man is instructed in the duties of domain and civility. Almost overnight, the Protestant Reformation brought the monolithic foundation of medieval Christianity down, leaving behind several new concep ts in political thought.During the first half of the seventeenth century, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes found conflict on numerous fronts concerning English society. The first issue was concerning religious freedom, pitting King Charles I and his Anglican Church against a number of independent Protestant sects. Hobbes and his Protestant followers claimed that the Anglican Church was too close in organization and liturgy to the Catholic Church. They also rejected the claim of Charles I to rule by divine right.The second issue was political in nature, concerning the fact that England did not have a penconstitution (and still do not today), thereby allowing for Parliamentary error and inconsistancies. The third issue that Hobbes was concerned with was the fact that social and economic issues were becoming interrelated collectible to a growing middle class who demanded more political representation in Parliament. During Hobbess lifetime, the world experienced a scientific revolut ion due to important discoveries. The spirit of forward progress influenced Hobbess understanding of politics as well. Hobbes treated his issues like scientific theory, always concerned with precise definitions and correct terminology.On what priming could the practice of government be conducted once society was no longer a community? asks the central philosophical question concerning Hobbess political philosophies. Hobbes reinforces the basis for politics of the Modern Era by uniting absolutism and consent, taking his cues from the scientific revolution of the era. Hobbess most important philosophical work, Leviathan, discusses human nature from the viewpoint of the individual, thus defining the foundation for Hobbess political universe. Obviously, Hobbess political focus is on the individual however, some critics argue whether Hobbess philosophies were intended as a scientific shape for a fit government as Hobbes saw it, or if his philosophies merely succeeded in raising questi ons about the balance between individual closeness and social order.Of all the versatile philosophers associated with the Modern Era of political philosophy, only Niccolo Machiavelli can be described as the personification of the transformation from the medieval to the modern era. Machiavellis join view of politics focuses on the individual. In contradiction to the values of ancient and medieval political philosophers, Machiavelli establishes a separation between personal morality and incumbent political practice. The Florentine also supports the idea of a republican state, thus allowing the greatest degree of liberty. He created a new science of politics with a more down-to-earth and practical set of principles. Machiavellis recognition of the importance and potential of the nation-state not only set him apart from his predecessors, but also ushered in a new era of political thought, paving the way toward the unfoldingWestern political tradition.The importance of the Modern Era of political philosophy is plainly sheer in todays society. A large part of the Constitution of the United States is based on the liberal philosophies of the Modern Era. The idea of separation of church and state is most prolific during this era, and it remains today one of the fundamental principles of liberty upon which the governments of the United States and numerous other nation-states in the West are based. Also, the focus of individual liberty is very apparent in many of the political discourses of the Modern philosophers. Had the philosophers of the Modern Era not battled the widespread corruption apparent in the Catholic Church and the ruling classes across Europe, who is to say that the Western political tradition would have unfolded at all?